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Capital Gains Tax ... The sale of personal residential property is normally exempt from Capital Gains Tax, except for gains realized during any period in which the property was not being used as a persons personal residence (for example, being leased to other tenants) or portions attributable to business use...
Tariff ... The word comes from the Italian word tariffa "list of prices, book of rates," which is derived from the Arabic ta'rif "to notify or announce." Trade tariffs in the United States U. S. Historical Tariffs (Customs) Collections by Federal Government (All dollar amounts are in millions of U. S...
Business ... Basic forms of ownership See also: Types of business entity Although forms of business ownership vary by jurisdiction, there are several common forms: Sole proprietorship: A sole proprietorship is a business owned by one person for-profit... In most forms of partnerships, each partner has unlimited liability for the debts incurred by the business... Corporation: A corporation is a limited liability business that has a separate legal personality from its members...
Commercial Law ... Commercial law includes within its compass such titles as principal and agent; carriage by land and sea; merchant shipping; guarantee; marine, fire, life, and accident insurance; bills of exchange and partnership. It can also be understood to regulate corporate contracts, hiring practices, and the manufacture and sales of consumer goods...
Health Insurance ... 1) a contract between an insurance provider (e.g. an insurance company or a government) and an individual or his sponsor (e.g...
Value Added Tax ... The "value added" to a product by a business is the sale price charged to its customer, minus the cost of materials and other taxable inputs... With the VAT, collections, remittances to the government, and credits for taxes already paid occur each time a business in the supply chain purchases products...
Investment ... Investment is involved in many areas of the economy, such as business management and finance whether for households, firms, or governments...
Liability Insurance ... If a declaratory judgment is sought, the issue of the insurer's duty to defend will be resolved. If the insurer decides to defend, it has thus either waived its defense of no coverage (later estopped), or it must defend under a reservation of rights...
Tax Incidence ... In that all business taxes reduce profitability, and in accordance with the principles set out by the Physiocrats, they reduce the amount of rent that the business can pay and thus the incidence falls on the landowner... The land owner may be the business itself but the effect is to cut into that part of the revenue stream that consists of land rental value...
Ad Valorem Tax ... A conventional or retail sales tax attempts to achieve this by charging the tax only on the final end user, unlike a gross receipts tax levied on the intermediate business who purchases materials for production or ordinary operating expenses prior to delivering a service or product to the marketplace... Maurice Lauré, joint director of the French tax authority, the Direction générale des impôts, as taxe sur la valeur ajoutée (TVA in French) was first to introduce VAT with effect from 10 April 1954 for large businesses, and extended over time to all business sectors...
Business Intelligence ... Common functions of business intelligence technologies are reporting, online analytical processing, analytics, data mining, process mining, complex event processing, business performance management, benchmarking, text mining and predictive analytics... Though the term business intelligence is sometimes used as a synonym for competitive intelligence, because they both support decision making, BI uses technologies, processes, and applications to analyze mostly internal, structured data and business processes while competitive intelligence gathers, analyzes and disseminates information with a topical focus on company competitors...
Monetary Policy ... Monetary policy differs from fiscal policy, which refers to taxation, government spending, and associated borrowing. Overview Monetary policy rests on the relationship between the rates of interest in an economy, that is, the price at which money can be borrowed, and the total supply of money...
Indemnity ... While the event may be specified by the contract, the actions that must be taken to make the injured party "whole" again are largely fact-based and unknown to the parties until the event occurs, while the maximum liability is often expressly limited by the contract. A car insurance policy is an example of indemnification...
Marketing Research ... Marketing research is often partitioned into two sets of categorical pairs, either by target market: Consumer marketing research, and Business-to-business (B2B) marketing research Or, alternatively, by methodological approach: Qualitative marketing research, and Quantitative marketing research Consumer marketing research is a form of applied sociology that concentrates on understanding the preferences, attitudes, and behaviors of consumers in a market-based economy, and it aims to understand the effects and comparative success of marketing campaigns. The field of consumer marketing research as a statistical science was pioneered by Arthur Nielsen with the founding of the ACNielsen Company in 1923...
Insurance ... Events that contain speculative elements, such as ordinary business risks or even purchasing a lottery ticket, are generally not considered insurable...
Money Supply ... Public and private sector analysts have long monitored changes in money supply because of its possible effects on the price level, inflation and the business cycle...
Business Networking ... As an example, a business network may agree to meet weekly or monthly with the purpose of exchanging business leads and referrals with fellow members... Business networking can be conducted in a local business community, or on a larger scale via the Internet... Business networking websites have grown over recent years due to the Internet's ability to connect people from all over the world...
Life Insurance ... The advantage for the policy owner is "peace of mind", in knowing that the death of the insured person will not result in financial hardship for loved ones. Life policies are legal contracts and the terms of the contract describe the limitations of the insured events...
Market Environment ... MICROENVIRONMENT The microenvironment refers to the forces that are close to the company and affect its ability to serve its customers. It includes the company itself, its suppliers, marketing intermediaries, customer markets, competitors, and publics...
Interest Rate ... Interest rates targets are also a vital tool of monetary policy and are taken into account when dealing with variables like investment, inflation, and unemployment. Historical interest rates In the past two centuries, interest rates have been variously set either by national governments or central banks...
Marketing ... This replaces the previous definition, which still appears in the AMA's dictionary: "an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders." It generates the strategy that underlies sales techniques, business communication, and business developments...
Property Insurance ... In May 2007, New York Gov. Eliot Spitzer announced more than $4.5 billion would be made available to rebuild the 16-acre (65,000 m2) WTC complex as part of a major insurance claims settlement...
Insurance Law ... At the same time, eighteenth-century judge William Murray, Lord Mansfield, was developing the substantive law of insurance to an extent where it has largely remained unchanged to the present day - at least insofar as concerns commercial, non-consumer business - in the common-law jurisdictions...
Further Reading: Finance
Real Estate Development ... Developers buy land, finance real estate deals, build or have builders build projects, create, imagine, control and orchestrate the process of development from the beginning to end...
Corporate Finance ... Capital investment decisions are long-term choices about which projects receive investment, whether to finance that investment with equity or debt, and when or whether to pay dividends to shareholders... Capital investment decisions Capital investment decisions are long-term corporate finance decisions relating to fixed assets and capital structure... Project valuation Further information: Business valuation, stock valuation, and fundamental analysis In general, each project's value will be estimated using a discounted cash flow (DCF) valuation, and the opportunity with the highest value, as measured by the resultant net present value (NPV) will be selected (applied to Corporate Finance by Joel Dean in 1951; see also Fisher separation theorem, John Burr Williams#Theory)...
Bretton Woods System ... Preparing to rebuild the international economic system as World War II was still raging, 730 delegates from all 44 Allied nations gathered at the Mount Washington Hotel in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States, for the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference. The delegates deliberated upon and signed the Bretton Woods Agreements during the first three weeks of July 1944...
Bank ... History Personal Finance Credit and debit Pawnbroker Student loan Employment contract Salary Wage Employee stock option Employee benefit Direct deposit Retirement Pension Defined benefit Defined contribution Social security Business plan Corporate action Personal budget Financial planner Financial adviser Financial independence Financial renovator Estate planning See also Banks and credit unions Cooperatives Banking in the modern sense of the word can be traced to medieval and early Renaissance Italy, to the rich cities in the north like Florence, Venice and Genoa...
Tariffs In United States History ... At the end of American Civil War in 1865 about 63% of Federal income was generated by the excise taxes which exceeded the 25.4% generated by tariffs. In 1915 during World War I tariffs generated only 30.1% of Federal Tax income and excise taxes 59.5%...
Tax Per Head ... The word poll is an English word that once meant "head" - and still does, in some specialised contexts - hence the name poll tax for a per-person tax. In the United States, however, the term has come to be used almost exclusively for a fixed tax applied to voting...
Personal Finance ... Components of personal finance might include checking and savings accounts, credit cards and consumer loans, investments in the stock market, retirement plans, social security benefits, insurance policies, and income tax management... Personal financial planning A key component of personal finance is financial planning, which is a dynamic process that requires regular monitoring and reevaluation...
Gap Insurance ... GAP is the difference between the actual cash value of a vehicle minus all perils deductible (if at fault) and liens (especially in Canada) and the lease or loan payout minus financed soft products (like its own cost) or negative equity on a trade. GAP coverage is mainly used on new and used small vehicles (cars and trucks) and heavy trucks, and some financing companies require it...
Fractional Reserve Banking ... Central banks generally mandate reserve requirements that require banks to keep a minimum fraction of their demand deposits as cash reserves. This both limits the amount of money creation that occurs in the commercial banking system, and ensures that banks have enough ready cash to meet normal demand for withdrawals...
Public Finance ... The purview of public finance is considered to be threefold: governmental effects on (1) efficient allocation of resources, (2) distribution of income, and (3) macroeconomic stabilization... Overview The proper role of government provides a starting point for the analysis of public finance...
Mathematical Finance ... In terms of practice, mathematical finance also overlaps heavily with the field of computational finance (also known as financial engineering)... Many universities around the world now offer degree and research programs in mathematical finance; see Master of Mathematical Finance... History: Q versus P There exist two separate branches of finance that require advanced quantitative techniques: derivatives pricing on the one hand, and risk and portfolio management on the other hand...
Intangible Asset Finance ... One of the goals of people working in this field is to unlock the "hidden value" found in intangible assets through the techniques of finance...
Behavioral Economics ... Behavioral analysts are not only concerned with the effects of market decisions but also with public choice, which describes another source of economic decisions with related biases towards promoting self-interest. Economics Economies by region Africa · North America South America · Asia Europe · Oceania General categories Microeconomics · Macroeconomics History of economic thought Methodology · Mainstream & heterodox Technical methods Mathematical · Econometrics Experimental · National accounting Fields and subfields Behavioral · Cultural · Evolutionary Growth · Development · History International · Economic systems Monetary and Financial economics Public and Welfare economics Health · Education · Welfare Population · Labour · Personnel Managerial · Computational Business · Information · Game theory Industrial organization · Law Agricultural · Natural resource Environmental · Ecological Urban · Rur...
Experimental Finance ... Researchers in experimental finance can study to what extent existing financial economics theory makes valid predictions and attempt to discover new principles on which theory can be extended... Method in experimental finance The methodology of experimental finance is closely related to that of Experimental economics...
Finance ... The study of finance is subsumed under economics as financial economics, but the scope, speed, power relations and practices of the financial system can uplift or cripple whole economies and the well-being of households, businesses and governing bodies within them—sometimes in a single day... Three overarching divisions exist within the academic discipline of finance and its related practices: 1) personal finance: the finances of individuals and families concerning household income and expenses, credit and debt management, saving and investing, and income security in later life, 2) corporate finance: the finances of for-profit organizations including corporations, trusts, partnerships and other entities, and 3) public finance: the financial affairs of domestic and international governments and other public entities...