Finance General Overview

Personal Finance ... Components of personal finance might include checking and savings accounts, credit cards and consumer loans, investments in the stock market, retirement plans, social security benefits, insurance policies, and income tax management... Personal financial planning A key component of personal finance is financial planning, which is a dynamic process that requires regular monitoring and reevaluation...

Bank ... History Personal Finance Credit and debit Pawnbroker Student loan Employment contract Salary Wage Employee stock option Employee benefit Direct deposit Retirement Pension Defined benefit Defined contribution Social security Business plan Corporate action Personal budget Financial planner Financial adviser Financial independence Financial renovator Estate planning See also Banks and credit unions Cooperatives Banking in the modern sense of the word can be traced to medieval and early Renaissance Italy, to the rich cities in the north like Florence, Venice and Genoa...

Gap Insurance ... GAP is the difference between the actual cash value of a vehicle minus all perils deductible (if at fault) and liens (especially in Canada) and the lease or loan payout minus financed soft products (like its own cost) or negative equity on a trade. GAP coverage is mainly used on new and used small vehicles (cars and trucks) and heavy trucks, and some financing companies require it...

Public Finance ... The purview of public finance is considered to be threefold: governmental effects on (1) efficient allocation of resources, (2) distribution of income, and (3) macroeconomic stabilization... Overview The proper role of government provides a starting point for the analysis of public finance...

Tariff ... The word comes from the Italian word tariffa "list of prices, book of rates," which is derived from the Arabic ta'rif "to notify or announce." Trade tariffs in the United States U. S. Historical Tariffs (Customs) Collections by Federal Government (All dollar amounts are in millions of U. S...

Corporate Finance ... Capital investment decisions are long-term choices about which projects receive investment, whether to finance that investment with equity or debt, and when or whether to pay dividends to shareholders... Capital investment decisions Capital investment decisions are long-term corporate finance decisions relating to fixed assets and capital structure... Project valuation Further information: Business valuation, stock valuation, and fundamental analysis In general, each project's value will be estimated using a discounted cash flow (DCF) valuation, and the opportunity with the highest value, as measured by the resultant net present value (NPV) will be selected (applied to Corporate Finance by Joel Dean in 1951; see also Fisher separation theorem, John Burr Williams#Theory)...

Intangible Asset Finance ... One of the goals of people working in this field is to unlock the "hidden value" found in intangible assets through the techniques of finance...

Investment ... Investment is involved in many areas of the economy, such as business management and finance whether for households, firms, or governments...

Tax Incidence ... Initially, the incidence of all labour related taxes such as income tax and NI contributions falls on employers. This must be so at the margin since the employee must receive more net of tax ie take-home than they can receive from the alternative, such as welfare benefit payments...

Real Estate Development ... Developers buy land, finance real estate deals, build or have builders build projects, create, imagine, control and orchestrate the process of development from the beginning to end...

Bretton Woods System ... Preparing to rebuild the international economic system as World War II was still raging, 730 delegates from all 44 Allied nations gathered at the Mount Washington Hotel in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States, for the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference. The delegates deliberated upon and signed the Bretton Woods Agreements during the first three weeks of July 1944...

Mathematical Finance ... In terms of practice, mathematical finance also overlaps heavily with the field of computational finance (also known as financial engineering)... Many universities around the world now offer degree and research programs in mathematical finance; see Master of Mathematical Finance... History: Q versus P There exist two separate branches of finance that require advanced quantitative techniques: derivatives pricing on the one hand, and risk and portfolio management on the other hand...

Tariffs In United States History ... At the end of American Civil War in 1865 about 63% of Federal income was generated by the excise taxes which exceeded the 25.4% generated by tariffs. In 1915 during World War I tariffs generated only 30.1% of Federal Tax income and excise taxes 59.5%...

Ad Valorem Tax ... An ad valorem tax is typically imposed at the time of a transaction (a sales tax or value-added tax ), but it may be imposed on an annual basis (real or personal property tax) or in connection with another significant event (inheritance tax, surrendering citizenship, or tariffs). In some countries stamp duty is imposed as an ad valorem tax...

Tax Per Head ... The word poll is an English word that once meant "head" - and still does, in some specialised contexts - hence the name poll tax for a per-person tax. In the United States, however, the term has come to be used almost exclusively for a fixed tax applied to voting...

Health Insurance ... 1) a contract between an insurance provider (e.g. an insurance company or a government) and an individual or his sponsor (e.g...

Fractional Reserve Banking ... Central banks generally mandate reserve requirements that require banks to keep a minimum fraction of their demand deposits as cash reserves. This both limits the amount of money creation that occurs in the commercial banking system, and ensures that banks have enough ready cash to meet normal demand for withdrawals...

Insurance ... Principles Financial market participants Collective investment schemes Credit unions · Insurance companies Investment banks · Pension funds Prime brokers · Trusts Finance series Financial market · Participants Corporate finance · Personal finance Public finance · Banks and banking Financial regulation Insurance involves pooling funds from many insured entities (known as exposures) to pay for the losses that some may incur...

Behavioral Economics ... Behavioral analysts are not only concerned with the effects of market decisions but also with public choice, which describes another source of economic decisions with related biases towards promoting self-interest. Economics Economies by region Africa · North America South America · Asia Europe · Oceania General categories Microeconomics · Macroeconomics History of economic thought Methodology · Mainstream & heterodox Technical methods Mathematical · Econometrics Experimental · National accounting Fields and subfields Behavioral · Cultural · Evolutionary Growth · Development · History International · Economic systems Monetary and Financial economics Public and Welfare economics Health · Education · Welfare Population · Labour · Personnel Managerial · Computational Business · Information · Game theory Industrial organization · Law Agricultural · Natural resource Environmental · Ecological Urban · Rur...

Capital Gains Tax ... For equities, an example of a popular and liquid asset, national and state legislation often has a large array of fiscal obligations that must be respected regarding capital gains. Taxes are charged by the state over the transactions, dividends and capital gains on the stock market...

Experimental Finance ... Researchers in experimental finance can study to what extent existing financial economics theory makes valid predictions and attempt to discover new principles on which theory can be extended... Method in experimental finance The methodology of experimental finance is closely related to that of Experimental economics...

Finance ... The study of finance is subsumed under economics as financial economics, but the scope, speed, power relations and practices of the financial system can uplift or cripple whole economies and the well-being of households, businesses and governing bodies within them—sometimes in a single day... Three overarching divisions exist within the academic discipline of finance and its related practices: 1) personal finance: the finances of individuals and families concerning household income and expenses, credit and debt management, saving and investing, and income security in later life, 2) corporate finance: the finances of for-profit organizations including corporations, trusts, partnerships and other entities, and 3) public finance: the financial affairs of domestic and international governments and other public entities...