Tariff: Trade Tariffs in The United States - Since the government largely restricted its activities to maintaining order and protecting property via the army, navy and courts tariffs raised enough revenues to finance the government... Tariffs tended to be lowered as other sources of tax income like income taxes, payroll taxes, value-added taxes (VAT), property taxes, sales tax, etc... In the United States property taxes and sales tax have nearly always been reserved for state and local government income sources...
Property Insurance - Property insurance provides protection against most risks to property, such as fire, theft and some weather damage... When you obtain an insurance policy, the coverage limit established is the maximum amount the insurance company will pay out in case of loss of property... Replacement cost coverage pays the cost of replacing your property regardless of depreciation or appreciation...
Tax Incidence - Corporations simply move out of the tax jurisdiction but still receive the property rights enforcement that is the mainstay of their income... The effects of certain kinds of taxes, for example, the property tax, including their economic incidence, efficiency properties and distributional implications, have been the subject of a long and contentious debate among economists...
Property Insurance: Types of Coverage - Replacement cost coverage pays the cost of replacing your property regardless of depreciation or appreciation... When you obtain an insurance policy, the coverage limit established is the maximum amount the insurance company will pay out in case of loss of property...
Tax Per Head: United Kingdom - Anyone with property (land, etc.) paid 40 shillings per £100 earned, anyone over the age of 16 and unmarried paid 12-pence and everyone else over 16 paid 6-pence... The poll tax was essentially a lay subsidy (a tax on the movable property of most of the population) to help fund war...
Wealth Tax: Arguments in Favor - Holders of property rights enjoy the existence of government more than do those who hold no property rights... Fairness: According to the "beneficiary pay" criterion of tax fairness, a tax on property rights can be seen as a use fee...
Home Insurance - It is a multiple-line insurance, meaning that it includes both property and liability coverage, with an indivisible premium, meaning that a single premium is paid for all risks... Home insurance, also commonly called hazard insurance or homeowner's insurance (often abbreviated in the real estate industry as HOI), is the type of property insurance that covers private homes...
Tariffs In United States History - Since the government largely restricted its activities to maintaining order and protecting property via the army, navy and courts tariffs raised enough revenues to finance the governm... Census Trade Statistics Whitehouse Historical Tables 1940-2016 Part of a series on Taxation Taxation in the United States Federal taxation Authority · History Internal Revenue Service Taxpayer standing Income tax · Payroll tax Alternative Minimum Tax Estate tax · Excise tax Gift tax · Corporate tax Capital gains tax State and local taxation State income tax State tax levels Sales tax · Use tax Property tax Land value tax Federal tax reform Automated payment transaction tax Competitive Tax Plan Efficient Taxation of Income Hall–Rabushka flat tax Kemp Commission Taxpayer Choice Act USA Tax · Value Added Tax FairTax · Flat tax · 9–9–9 Tax protesting History America: Freedom to Fascism The Law that Never Was Cheek v...
Vehicle Insurance: Public Policies - Comprehensive vehicle insurance is sold separately to cover property damage and cover can be for events such as fire, theft, collision and other property damage... The minimum coverage defined by Germany law for car liability insurance / third party personal insurance is: 7.5 Million Euro for bodily injury (damage to people), 1 Million Euro for property damage and 50,000 Euro for financial/fortune loss which is in no direct or indirect coherence with bodily injury or property damage... Indeed Insurance Companies usually offer all-in/combined single limit insurances of 50 Million Euro or 100 Million Euro (about 141 Million Dollar) for bodily injury, property damage and other financial/fortune loss (usually with a bodily injury coverage limitation of 8 to 15 Million Euro for EACH bodily injured person)...
Wealth Tax: Property Tax - Over time, the property taxes add up significantly, such that over a generation of 25 years, a family may pay, with annual increases for inflation, up to 50% of a property's market value in taxes (though over the same period of time, the land value of the family's home could have increased substantially as well)... Local jurisdictions rely upon property taxes because real estate cannot be moved out of a jurisdiction, whereas paper wealth, income, etc... In the United States, property taxes are annual taxes on the market value of real estate (ranging from about 0.4% in Alabama to 4% in New Hampshire) assessed both locally and by state governments to pay for local schools, as well as other services and infrastructure of various kinds...
Insurability - Insurability is sometimes an issue in case law of torts and contracts. It also comes up in issues involving tontines and other insurance fraud schemes...
Indemnity - Contract law Part of the common law series Contract formation Offer and acceptance Posting rule Mirror image rule Invitation to treat Firm offer Consideration Defenses against formation Lack of capacity Duress Undue influence Illusory promise Statute of frauds Non est factum Contract interpretation Parol evidence rule Contract of adhesion Integration clause Contra proferentem Title-transfer theory of contract Excuses for non-performance Mistake Misrepresentation Frustration of purpose Impossibility Impracticability Illegality Unclean hands Unconscionability Accord and satisfaction Rights of third parties Privity of contract Assignment Delegation Novation Third-party beneficiary Breach of contract Anticipatory repudiation Cover Exclusion clause Efficient breach Deviation Fundamental breach Remedies Specific performance Li...
Real Estate - Real estate is often considered synonymous with real property (sometimes called realty), in contrast with personal property (sometimes called 'chattels' or 'personalty' under 'chattel law' or 'personal property law')... Real estate is "Property consisting of land and the buildings on it, along with its natural resources such as crops, minerals, or water; immovable property of this nature; an interest vested in this; (also) an item of real property; (more generally) buildings or housing in general... Real estate law is the body of regulations and legal codes which pertain to such matters under a particular jurisdiction and concerns such things as commercial and residential property ownership, development, and transactions...
Capital Gains Tax: Deferring or Reducing Capital Gains Tax - (US only) 1031 exchange - Defer tax by exchanging for "like kind" property—however, generally available only for real estate and tangible property, both of which must be business-related... (US only) Deferred Sales Trust- Allows the seller of property to defer capital gains tax due at the time of sale over a period of time...
Vehicle Insurance - Comprehensive vehicle insurance is sold separately to cover property damage and cover can be for events such as fire, theft, collision and other property damage... The minimum coverage defined by Germany law for car liability insurance / third party personal insurance is: 7.5 Million Euro for bodily injury (damage to people), 1 Million Euro for property damage and 50,000 Euro for financial/fortune loss which is in no direct or indirect coherence with bodily injury or property damage... Indeed Insurance Companies usually offer all-in/combined single limit insurances of 50 Million Euro or 100 Million Euro (about 141 Million Dollar) for bodily injury, property damage and other financial/fortune loss (usually with a bodily injury coverage limitation of 8 to 15 Million Euro for EACH bodily injured person)...
Anarcho-capitalism - Though anarcho-capitalists are known for asserting a right to private (individualized or joint non-public) property, some propose that non-state public or community property can also exist in an anarcho-capitalist society... Anarcho-capitalism (also referred to as "libertarian anarchy" by anarcho-capitalists, "market anarchism," "free market anarchism" or "private-property anarchism") is a libertarian and individualist anarchist political philosophy that advocates the elimination of the state in favour of individual sovereignty in a free market... Anarcho-capitalists argue for a society based on the voluntary trade of private property and services (in sum, all relationships not caused by threats or violence, including exchanges of money, consumer goods, land, and capital goods) in order to minimize conflict while maximizing individual liberty and prosperity...
Home Insurance: in The United Kingdom - These households would require a Specialist or Non Standard insurer that would cover home insurance needs for people that have criminal convictions and/or subsidence in the property or have previously been underpinned... As in the US, mortgage lenders within the UK require the rebuild value (the actual cost of rebuilding a property to its current state should it be damaged or destroyed) of a property to be covered as a condition of the loan... However, the rebuild cost is often lower than the market value of the property, as the market value often reflects the property as a going-concern, as opposed to just the value of the bricks and mortar...
Real Estate: International Real Estate Terminology and Practice - In British usage, "real property", often shortened to just "property", generally refers to land and fixtures, while the term "real estate" is used mostly in the context of probate law, and means all interests in land held by a deceased person at death, excluding interests in money arising under a trust for sale of or charged on land... As one main object of "probate" is to "prove" title to the real estate interests in the property held by a deceased person at the time of death, and the earliest recorded use the word in this capacity is 1463, it is reasonable to assume this tradition dates back to the death of the first owner of the 'allodial land' referred in the Etymology section above to die...
Insurance: Types of Insurance - For example, vehicle insurance would typically cover both the property risk (theft or damage to the vehicle) and the liability risk (legal claims arising from an accident)... A home insurance policy in the US typically includes coverage for damage to the home and the owner's belongings, certain legal claims against the owner, and even a small amount of coverage for medical expenses of guests who are injured on the owner's property... Coverage typically includes: Property coverage, for damage to or theft of the car; Liability coverage, for the legal responsibility to others for bodily injury or property damage; Medical coverage, for the cost of treating injuries, rehabilitation and sometimes lost wages and funeral expenses...
Direct Tax: General Meaning - A direct tax is one imposed upon an individual person (juristic or natural) or on property, as distinct from a tax imposed upon a transaction... however oppressive, the people will have but this alternative, either to pay the tax, or let their property be taken for all resistance will be vain... Indirect taxes such as a sales tax or a value added tax (VAT) are imposed only if and when a taxable transaction occurs; people have the freedom to engage in or refrain from such transactions; whereas a direct tax is imposed upon a person, typically in an unconditional manner, such as a poll-tax or head-tax, which is imposed on the basis of the person's very life or existence, or a property tax which is imposed upon the owner by virtue of ownership, rather than commercial use...
Wealth Tax - Over time, the property taxes add up significantly, such that over a generation of 25 years, a family may pay, with annual increases for inflation, up to 50% of a property's market value in taxes (though over the same period of time, the land value of the family's home could have increased substantially as well)... In the United States, property taxes are annual taxes on the market value of real estate (ranging from about 0.4% in Alabama to 4% in New Hampshire) assessed both locally and by state governments to pay for local schools, as well as other services and infrastructure of various kinds... Local jurisdictions rely upon property taxes because real estate cannot be moved out of a jurisdiction, whereas paper wealth, income, etc...
Ad Valorem Tax: Property Tax - There are three species or types of property: Land, Improvements to Land (immovable man made things), and Personal (movable man made things)... A property tax, millage tax is an ad valorem tax that an owner of real estate or other property pays on the value of the property being taxed... The taxing authority requires and/or performs an appraisal of the monetary value of the property, and tax is assessed in proportion to that value...
Ad Valorem Tax: Application of A Sales or Property Tax - Ad valorem taxes (mainly real property tax and sales taxes) are a major source of revenues for state and municipal governments, especially in jurisdictions that do not employ a personal income tax... Other states use a state tax commission, which notifies the appropriate taxing authorities of the assessed value of property within their billing jurisdiction... In many states, the central appraisal district sends values to the county tax assessor, who determines the final tax rate to be imposed on the property...
Property Tax - The tax is levied by the governing authority of the jurisdiction in which the property is located; it may be paid to a national government, a federated state, a county/region, or a municipality... A property tax (or millage tax) is an ad valorem levy on the value of property that the owner is required to pay... There are three species or types of property: land, improvements to land (immovable man-made objects, such as buildings), and personal property (movable man-made objects)...