History - Their influence, along with other historical traditions in other parts of their world, have spawned many different interpretations of the nature of history which has evolved over the centuries and are continuing to change... Human history ↑ before Homo (Pliocene) Three-age system prehistory Stone Age Bronze Age Iron Age Recorded History Ancient history Earliest records Middle Ages Early - High - Late Modern history Early - Late - Contemporary see also: Modernity, Futurology ↓Future Further information: Protohistory The history of the world is the memory of the past experience of Homo sapiens sapiens around the world, as that experience has been preserved, largely in written records...
Economic Collapse - While agruably not a true economic collapse, the decade of the 1930s witnessed the most severe world wide economic contraction since the start of the Industrial Revolution... The USA fully recovered by 1941, the eve of its entry in World War II, which gave rise to a boom as dramatic as the Depression that preceded it... Following Germany's defeat in World War I, political instability resulted in murders and assassinations of hundreds of political figures...
Tax Rates Around The World - Comparison of tax rates around the world is difficult and somewhat subjective. Tax laws in most countries are extremely complex, and tax burden falls differently on different groups in each country and sub-national unit...
Insurance: Across The World - The US and Japan alone accounted for 40% of world insurance, much higher than their 7% share of the global population...
European Union: Economy - In 2010 the EU generated an estimated 26% (16.242 billion international dollars) share of the global gross domestic product making it the largest economy in the world... The ten largest economies in the world counting the EU as a single entity, by GDP (2010) The EU has established a single market across the territory of all its members...
History: Areas of Study - The H-World discussion list serves as a network of communication among practitioners of world history, with discussions among scholars, announcements, syllabi, bibliographies and book reviews... Futurology: study of the future: researches the medium to long-term future of societies and of the physical world...
Monetary Hegemony - The US dollar continues to underpin the world economy and is the key currency for medium of international exchange, unit of account (e.g... the direct (and absolute) power to enforce a unit of account in which economic calculations are made in the world economy... Monetary Hegemony describes not only the asymmetrical relationship that the US dollar has to the global economy, but the strictures of this hegemonic edifice that support it, namely the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank...
Gold Reserve: World Gold Holdings - World gold holdings (2008) (Source: World Gold Council) Holding Percentage Jewelry 52% Central banks 18% Investment (bars, coins) 16% Industrial 12% Unaccounted 2%...
International Monetary Systems: Calls For A "New Bretton Woods" - However European leaders were united in calling for a "Bretton Woods II" summit to redesign the world's financial architecture... On October 13, 2008, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown said world leaders must meet to agree to a new economic system: “ We must have a new Bretton Woods, building a new international financial architecture for the years ahead... International agreement was achieved for the common adoption of Keynesian fiscal stimulus, an area where the US and China were to emerge as the worlds leading actors...
International Monetary Systems: History of Modern Global Monetary Orders - In contrast to the Bretton Woods system, the pre–World War I financial order was not created at a single high level conference; rather it evolved organically in a series of discrete steps... Great Britain was at the time the world's pre-eminent financial, imperial, and industrial power, ruling more of the world and exporting more capital as a percentage of her national income than any other creditor nation has since... The pre WWI financial order: 1870–1914 From the 1870s to the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the world benefited from a well integrated financial order, sometimes known as the First age of Globalisation...
International Monetary Fund - The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization that was conceived on July 22, 1944 originally with 45 members and came into existence on December 27, 1945 when 29 countries signed the agreement, with a goal to stabilize exchange rates and assist the reconstruction of the world’s international payment system... The representatives of 45 governments met in the Mount Washington Hotel in the area of Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States, with the delegates to the conference agreeing on a framework for international economic cooperation to be established post World War II...
Structural Adjustment - These policy changes are conditions for getting new loans from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) or World Bank, or for obtaining lower interest rates on existing loans... Since the late 1990s, some proponents of structural adjustment such as the World Bank, have spoken of "poverty reduction" as a goal... Structural adjustments are the policies implemented by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (the Bretton Woods Institutions) in developing countries...
Health Insurance: Comparison - According to the World Health Organization, Germany's health care system was 77% government-funded and 23% privately funded as of 2004... The national system of health insurance was instituted in 1945, just after the end of the Second World War...
Bretton Woods System: Origins - The planners at Bretton Woods hoped to avoid a repeat of the debacle of the 1930s, when intransigent insistence by creditor nations on the repayment of Allied war debts and reparations, combined with an inclination to isolationism, led to a breakdown of the international financial system and a worldwide economic depression... Over the run of the decade, world markets never broke through the haphazardly constructed nationally motivated and imposed barriers and restricts on international trade and investment volume... raise exports and lower imports ), though recent research suggest this de facto inflationary policy probably off set some of the contractionary forces in world price levels (see Eichengreen "How to Prevent a Currency War")...
Richard Nixon - There were charges of vote fraud in Texas and Illinois, both states won by Kennedy; Nixon refused however to consider contesting the election, feeling a lengthy election contest would diminish the United States in the eyes of the world, and the uncertainty would hurt US interests...
Banknote: Materials Used For Banknotes - the Continental Currency produced by the Continental Congress during the American Revolution, the Assignats produced during the French Revolution, the paper currency produced by the Confederate States of America and the Individual States of the Confederate States of America, the financing of World War I by the Central Powers (by 1922 1 gold Austro-Hungarian krone of 1914 was worth 14,400 paper Kronen), the devaluation of the Yugoslav Dinar in the 1990s, etc...
Bretton Woods System: Design of The Financial System - But the pound was not up to the challenge of serving as the primary world currency, given the weakness of the British economy after the Second World War... And a sizeable share of the world's known gold reserves were located in the Soviet Union, which would later emerge as a Cold War rival to the United States and Western Europe...
International Monetary Fund: Criticism - Stiglitz, former chief economist and senior vice president at the World Bank, criticizes these policies... Firstly, developed countries were seen to have a more dominant role and control over less developed countries (LDCs) primarily due to the Western bias towards a capitalist form of the world economy with professional staff being Western trained and believing in the efficacy of market-oriented policies...